CS61C Fall 2015 Project 1: beargit

TA: Manu Goyal, Derek Ahmed


CS61C Fall 2015 Project 1: beargit (due Tuesday, September, 22 2015 @ 11:59pm)

TA: Manu Goyal, Derek Ahmed; Acknowledgements: Martin Maas, Sagar Karandikar


Goals

Updates

To apply updates, please enter the following: 
        git fetch proj1-starter
        git merge proj1-starter/master -m "merge proj1 update"

What is beargit?

git is a great tool for managing source code and other files. However, even great tools can be used for evil; what if someone uses it to create git commits with hideous messages such as "Go St****rd!"? So in this project, you will be developing your own version of git, which will put an end to such behavior by requiring every commit message to contain the words 'THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!'.

At its core, beargit is essentially a simpler version of git, which you should have become familiar with in Lab 0. beargit can track individual files in the current working directory (no subdirectories!). It maintains a .beargit/ subdirectory containing information about your repository. For each commit that the user makes, a directory is created inside the .beargit/ directory (.beargit/<ID>, where <ID> is the ID of the commit). The .beargit/ directory additionally contains two files: .index (a list of all currently tracked files, one per line, no duplicates) and .prev (contains the ID of the last commit, or 0..0 if there is no commit yet). Each .beargit/<ID> directory contains a copy of each tracked file (as well as the .index file) at the time of the commit, a .msg file that contains the commit message (one line) and a .prev file that contains the commit ID of the previous commit.

Key differences between beargit and git:

Files:

You should only modify and submit beargit.c and cunittests.c. Our autograder will overwrite all other files with a fresh copy.

Important Numbers: (see beargit.h)

In lecture, you learned about using #define to define constants as a single source of truth. You should use the appropriate constants from beargit.h whenever you are using any of the following numbers:

Preliminaries:

For this project, you will be using some C functionality that you may not be familiar with. We will now highlight some of these features:

C library functions:

You may wish to familiarize yourself with the following C library functions: fprintf, sprintf, snprintf, fopen (and fclose, fwrite, etc.), strcmp, strlen, strtok, and fgets. You can find documentation of the C library here (use the search box at the top to find out about each function). Make sure not to stray away from the "C library" section, as the linked website also contains C++ documentation.

When you look at the existing code in beargit.c, you will see examples of how these functions can be used to achieve the desired functionality. We recommend trying to understand the provided functions first, before starting to implement your own.

Handling I/O (more than just printf):

Unix machines use a concept called "streams" to handle arbitrary I/O. We will need two of these output streams in this project. The first is stdout, which is where your output goes when you call printf. We will use stdout to output all output indicating a "successful" action. The other output stream is stderr, which is where we will output all error or output messages. By default, both of these streams, stdout and stderr, are printed to your screen when you run a program.

Outputting to either stdout or stderr can be done similarly to using printf. The only change is that you use the fprintf function, and the first argument you pass in must be either "stderr" or "stdout" (without quotes).

[inside your C code]
fprintf(stdout, "%d\n", 3); // prints the number 3 to stdout, along with a newline
fprintf(stderr, "%d\n", 4); // prints the number 4 to stderr, along with a newline

Included helper functions:

To make life easier for you, we provide helper functions for common operations that you will encounter while implementing beargit. You fill find these in utils.h. Here is a brief overview of each of these functions:

The last two functions should only be used together. Specifically, don't try to use read_string_from_file to read multi-line files, but only for single strings that you previously wrote into a file using write_string_to_file.


While these functions perform some basic checks to prevent you from accidentally overwriting important files, be careful whenever you call any function that modifies the file system. There is always a risk of unintentionally deleting or overwriting files, especially when working on your own machine!

Setup:

To get starter code for this project, we will be using git.

  1. First, you need to create a private repo with the following format proj1-xxx-yyy where xxx is your login and yyy is your partner's login in alphabetical order. There should only be a need for 1 repo for both group members. The process for this is very similar to what was done in lab. Please make sure this repo is NOT your work repo however. Furthermore, please set this to PRIVATE. Just to make sure, set this to PRIVATE. If you do not set this to PRIVATE, horrible things will happen to you and you will be severely punished. So before continuing, make sure your repo is PRIVATE. Not setting your repo to private, even if by mistake will be seen as an intention to cheat.
  2. From your access management settings, give 'cs61c-fall2015' admin access to your repo. You also must do this from the very beginning to avoid any penalties placed upon your grade.
  3. Enter into the directory of your class account that you would like to hold your proj1-xxx-yyy repository.
    4. Once in this directory, run the following:

    git clone https://mybitbucketusername@bitbucket.org/mybitbucketusername/proj1-xxx-yyy.git
cd proj1-xxx-yyy
git remote add proj1-starter https://github.com/cs61c-fall2015/proj1-starter.git
git fetch proj1-starter
git merge proj1-starter/master -m "merge proj1 skeleton code"

    Once you complete these steps, you will have the proj1 directory inside of your repository, which contains the files you need to begin working.

    As you develop your code, you should make commits in your git repo and push them as you see fit. Be sure not to get confused between beargit, which you are writing for this project, and git, which is managing your real class repository.

    Required functionality:

    While the version of beargit that we've given to you compiles, you can't do much except call beargit init to create a new repository, and call beargit add <file> to start tracking a file. Everything else you need to implement yourself!

    We recommend that you implement the beargit commands in this order, as this makes testing easier:

    1. beargit status
    2. beargit rm
    3. beargit commit
    4. beargit log
    5. beargit branch
    6. beargit checkout
    7. beargit reset
    8. beargit merge

    For each of these, you need to implement one of the functions below (but feel free to define new helper functions to make things easier). We give you an outline of each function's job, as well as the errors you need to be able to detect, and the output you need to produce.

    Note: Whenever you see the notation <something>, you should replace it with the appropriate value for something, without the angle brackets

    Testing your code in CS61C

    Unlike CS classes you may have taken in the past, we will not provide you with a full autograder for the assignment. Instead, you should devise a methodology to test your code to ensure that it performs as you intend it to. The autograder that produces your final grade will include many more test cases than the autograder/sanity check provided with the project.

    But... why?

    When you write production code in the "real" world (and upper division classes), much of the time you will not be provided with any test cases to validate your code against (not even a sanity check). The ability to write good test cases is just as important a skill for a programmer as the ability to write functioning code.

    The test cases you write for this project won't be submitted or graded, but we may ask you to submit test cases for future assignments.

    Automated basic tests

    To make life a bit easier for you, we are providing you with three ways to test your implementation. The first one is an automated testing tool that will run your implementation against a series of basic tests to determine whether its output is sensible. Note that this is just a small subset of the tests that the actual autograder will be running. Even if your program passes all these tests, it may still fail on some of the test cases in the autograder. You therefore shouldn't rely on this tool for your testing but consider it a sanity check.

    To run these tests, go into the main source directory and type make check. You will see output similar to the following:

    Running test cases...

  [  OK  ] beargit_test_add_0
  [  OK  ] beargit_test_add_1
  [  OK  ] beargit_test_rm_0
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_rm_1 file is missing but no (or incorrect) error message
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_status_0 expected 6 lines of output but found 0
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_status_1 expected 4 lines of output but found 0
  [  OK  ] beargit_test_commit_0
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_commit_1 successful commit should not display any output
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_log_0 successful commit should not display any output
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_log_1 there are no commits, but no (or incorrect) error message was shown
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_branch_0 expected 1 lines of output but found 0
  [ FAIL ] beargit_test_checkout_0 expected 1 lines of output but found 0
...

TESTS PASSING: xx / xx

    You should pay close attention to the error messages, as they are designed to give you a hint what is going wrong.

    Manual testing

    For your own interactive testing, we provide you with a script that creates a new test directory for you (called test), which you can use to experiment with your implementation in a fresh directory (where it will generate the .beargit/* files and directories). Every time you use the script, your previous directory will be deleted, so you can start afresh. Be careful to not leave any important data in the test directory!

    To run the script and create a new test directory, run the following in your proj1 directory (this will automatically move you into the test directory and add your beargit executable to the PATH, so that you can run it): 

    $ source init_test

    You can then run commands such as:

    $ beargit init
$ touch test.txt
$ beargit add test.txt

    Unit testing in C

    In order to make automated testing easier for you, we've hooked up a framework called CUnit to the beargit code. You can learn more about CUnit here.

    One issue with Unit Testing is that by default you wouldn't be able to capture the output of calls to printf or fprintf (to stdout and stderr). Since your outputs to stdout/stderr are important for beargit, we've provided some code that replaces calls to printf/fprintf with a custom function that directs output to two files, TEST_STDOUT and TEST_STDERR. You can read these files as you would any other file, allowing your testing code to analyze the output that your functions print to the screen.

    All of your unit tests will live in cunittests.c. We've provided two example test suites, each containing one test, along with test suite initialization functions to make your life easier. The initialization function (int init_suite(void) in cunittests.c) will destroy any existing .beargit directory, and remove old copies of TEST_STDOUT and TEST_STDERR. You will most likely not need to use the clean_suite function, which runs at the end of a test suite, but we have provided the stub in case you need it.

    What is a "suite"?

    A test suite is essentially a collection of tests. To add test suites, you can use the following boilerplate code in cunittests.c. Two examples of this are already provided.

    Creating the Test Suite

    You'll need to add the following code in cunittester() once per test suite:

    [... inside of cunittester() in cunittests.c  ...]
[ Replace pSuiteN below with a suitable name, like pSuite5 ]

CU_pSuite pSuiteN = NULL; // replace N with the test number
/* add a suite to the registry */

/* You don't necessarily have to use the same init and clean functions for
 * each suite. You can specify the function names in the next line:
 */
pSuiteN = CU_add_suite("Suite_N", init_suite, clean_suite);
if (NULL == pSuiteN) {
   CU_cleanup_registry();
   return CU_get_error();
}

    Adding Tests to the Suite

    You'll need to add the lines below for each test function that you want to add to the suite. In the example below, we are adding the function simple_sample_test to the suite.

    [... also inside of cunittester() in cunittests.c ...]
/* Add test named simple_sample_test to Suite #N */
if (NULL == CU_add_test(pSuiteN, "Simple Test #N", simple_sample_test))
{
   CU_cleanup_registry();
   return CU_get_error();
}

    How Tests Are Run

    CUnit performs the following actions when running a test suite:

    1. Runs the suite initialization function. In the above code, this function is called init_suite.
    2. Runs all of the tests you added to the suite. In the above example, this runs only the function named simple_sample_test.
    3. Runs the suite cleanup function. In the above code, this function is called clean_suite.
    The initialization function is useful, because you can use it to automatically destroy any existing .beargit directory before your tests run, so that you can create a new repo with beargit init. In the code we have given you, we do not destroy files in the cleanup function (the function is actually empty). This allows you to peek into the .beargit directory and the TEST_STDOUT and TEST_STDERR files in case you need to do so manually.

    If you want to get started on testing right away, please skip ahead to Step 9 to see how you can run the tests for your beargit implementation. If you prefer to get started on finishing beargit first, please read on.

    Step 1: The status command

    Functionality:

    The status command in beargit should read the file .beargit/.index and print a line for each tracked file. The exact format is described below. Unlike git status, beargit status should not print anything about untracked files.

    Output to stdout:

    $ beargit status
Tracked files:

<file1>
[...]
<fileN>

There are <N> files total.

    For each file in the above output, <file*> should be replaced with the filename of that file.

    Please also keep in mind the two blank lines in the above output.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    This function should always return 0 (indicating success) and should never output to stderr.

    Step 2: The rm command

    Hint: You may want to have a look at the provided implementation of beargit add before implementing this command.

    Functionality:

    The rm command in beargit takes in a single argument, which specifies the file to remove from the index (which is stored in the file .beargit/.index). If the filename passed in is not currently being tracked, you should print an error as indicated below. Note that this behavior is different from git in that it doesn't delete the file from your file system.

    Output to stdout:

    None.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    If the filename specified in the provided argument exists in the index, the function should return 0 and produce no output on stderr. If the filename specified does not exist in the index, the function should return 1 and output the following to stderr:

    Note: In order to pass the tests you must have exactly the same message as below, down to the spaces. Apply this rule to all error or output messages provided in the spec.

    $ beargit rm FILE_THAT_IS_NOT_TRACKED.txt
ERROR:  File <filename> not tracked.

    Step 3: The commit command

    Functionality:

    The commit command involves a couple of steps:

    IMPORTANT RULE THAT WILL AFFECT YOUR GRADE IF YOU DON'T READ IT!

    Now that we have your attention: when implementing the code that checks whether the commit message includes THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!, you are not allowed to use any library functions, including any of the str* ones you may have. We reserve the right to severely deduct from your project score if you fail to follow this direction.

    NOTE: beargit -m 'THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!' will result in an error because '!' is a special character in many shells, to avoid this issue use single quotes beargit -m 'THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!'

    Output to stdout:

    None.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    If the commit message does not contain the exact string 'THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!', then you must output the following to stderr and return 1:

    Note: In order to pass the tests you must have exactly the same message as below, down to the spaces. Apply this rule to all error or output messages provided in the spec.

    $ beargit commit -m "T-H-I-S I-S B-E-A-R T-E-R-R-I-T-O-R-Y!"
ERROR:  Message must contain "THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!"

    If the commit message does contain the string 'THIS IS BEAR TERRITORY!', then the function should produce no output and return 0.

    Furthermore, if you are not on the head of a branch, you must raise the correct error message:

    Note: In order to pass the tests you must have exactly the same message as below, down to the spaces. Apply this rule to all error or output messages provided in the spec.

    ERROR:  Need to be on HEAD of a branch to commit.

    Step 4: The log command

    Functionality:

    The goal of the log command is to print out either all or a specified number of recent commits. See below for the individual steps:

    Output to stdout:

    $ beargit log
commit <ID1>
   <msg1>

commit <ID2>
   <msg2>
[...]
commit <IDN>
   <msgN>

    Note: In order to pass the tests you should have exactly the same message as above, down to the spaces. Apply this rule to all error or output messages provided in the spec.

    Please also keep in mind the blank line in the above output after each commit message.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    If there are no commits to the beargit repo, beargit should return 1 and output the following to stderr:

    [assume that no commits have been made]
$ beargit log
ERROR:  There are no commits.

    Note: In order to pass the tests you should have exactly the same message as above, down to the spaces.

    If there are commits, you should produce the output indicated in the "Output to stdout" section above and return 0.

    How branches and checkouts work in git

    You can go to any commit in the history of time if you know its ID. This is called "checking out a commit". The current state of the working directory will be completely restored to how it was during the time of that commit.

    Branches in git are basically just diverging commit histories. You have an "alternate history" depending on which branch you are on. One way to think about branches is that they allow multiple commits to point to the same previous commit: two branches can have a shared history, and then at some point they do different things starting from a certain point in time.

    So every commit has a predecessor, but multiple commits can actually have the same predecessor. In fact, branches themselves are just identifiers for specific commits (which are called the "HEAD" of a branch). Just like commits, you can also check out a branch: in that case, you switch to that branch's HEAD commit. You can also check out commits that are not the HEAD of any branch -- in that case, you say you are "detached", because you are not on any specific branch.

    To add branches in beargit, not much changes: every commit still has exactly one predecessor (.prev), but multiple commits can have the same predecessor now. Branches in beargit are just pointers to specific commits. To keep things simple, we only allow beargit to commit when you are at the HEAD of a branch (i.e., when you are not detached). This allows you to "grow" each branch forwards.

    When you are at any commit, you can start a new branch from there: you can say git checkout -b <new_branchname> to start a new branch that has the current commit as its HEAD. You can then start an alternative history by committing on this branch. When you initialize a new beargit repository, a default branch master is created, and its HEAD points to the 00.0 commit ID.

    Visualizing Branches

    To help you get a better sense of how branches actually work, you should work through the following tutorial until you are satisfied that you understand what branches do: http://pcottle.github.io/learnGitBranching/.

    Required functionality:

    While implementing branches may sound very complicated, it is not much additional work from what you have already implemented. You have already created a solid foundations to build upon, so now things get easier.

    Directory structure

    We will implement branches very similarly to how we implemented tracking of files. All we have to do is add a few files to our directory structure:

    With this information, we can now implement beargit branch and beargit checkout.

    Step 5: The branch command

    Functionality:

    Beargit branch prints all the branches and puts a star in front of the current one. Do you remember beargit status? This is almost the same: you need to read the entire .branches file line by line and output it. However, you also need to check each line against the string in .current_branch. If they are the same, you need to print a * in front of it.

    Note that we require you to print branches in the order of creation, from oldest to latest. Also note that if you have checked out a commit previously (in contrast to a branch), you are detached from the HEAD and don't have to print a star in front of any branch. This is even true if the commit you checked out is actually the HEAD of a branch.

    Output to stdout:

    $ beargit branch
   <branch1>
   <branch2>
   [...]
*  <current_branch>
   [...]
   <branchN>

    Note: In order to pass the tests you should have exactly the same message as above, down to the spaces. Apply this rule to all error or output messages provided in the spec. This is the last time you will be warned.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    This function should always return 0 (indicating success) and should never output to stderr.

    Step 6: The checkout command

    Functionality:

    This is the command that is the most important feature of beargit. It allows you to restore the state of any commit in time, as well as to switch and create branches. beargit checkout has three different behaviors:

    While these behaviors look very different, they are actually very similar. First, you need to find out which of the three cases it is. We give you whether the user has provided -b (the new_branch bool parameter) and then the other argument, which can be either a commit ID or a branch name.

    So beargit first needs to find out if you are giving it a commit or a branch name. For this, we have prepared a function is_it_a_commit_id, which you need to fill in. The function takes a string and returns true if and only if there exists a directory .beargit/<commit_id>.

    Once you know whether you are dealing with a branch or a commit, you have to do one of two things:

    1. If it's a commit, check out the commit by replacing the currently tracked files with those from the time of the commit.
    2. If it's a branch (and you're not creating a new one), first check whether it exists. If yes, you need to switch to that branch. This means that you first store the latest commit of the current branch into the branch_branchname file, and then replace the content of current_branch by the new branch. You then read the branch_newbranch file to find out the HEAD commit of that branch, and then you check that commit out just like in 1).
    3. You are creating a new branch. This is very similar to 2), but you also have to add the branch to the .branches file and instead of reading the HEAD ID from .branch_branchname, you make the current prev ID the head ID for that branch and store it into that file.

    To give you experience with reading, understanding, and debugging C code. We have completed most of this function for you. There are three mistakes that you must find and fix however. Consider using cgdb (will be covered in lab) and printf for debugging to help you!

    Note: The beargit_checkout function is taking two arguments: new_branch is true if and only if -b was supplied to the command, and arg contains the other command line argument.

    After you found the mistakes, you have to write a function checkout_commit which will do the actual checkout of a commit by:

    Once you are done, you should experiment with the checkout and branch functionality by creating new branches, checking out old commits and see how you can commit to different branches individually. There is a lot that can go wrong, so we recommend testing thoroughly, and writing CUnit tests.

    Output to stdout:

    None.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    If the argument is a commit ID (determined if valid by checking whether the directory ".beargit/" exists or not) of a commit that exists, a branch that exists and new_branch is false, or a branch that doesn't exist and new_branch is true, the function should return 0 and produce no output on stderr.

    If the argument is a not a commit ID or an existing branch, and new_branch is false, the function should return 1 and produce the following error:

    $ beargit checkout 6666.66
ERROR:  No branch or commit 6666.66 exists.

    If the argument is a branch that exists but new_branch is true, the function should return 1 and produce the following error:

    $ beargit checkout -b <branch_name>
ERROR:  A branch named <branch_name> already exists.

    Step 7: The reset command

    Functionality:

    This command lets you restore the contents of any file in the index of a previous commit to the current working directory. It will either overwrite an existing file in the working directory or create a new one. If the restored file is not in the current index, you should add it.

    The syntax is as follows: beargit reset <commit_id> <filename>.

    Output to stdout:

    None.

    Return value and output to stderr:

    If the commit does not exist, the function should return 1 and produce the following error:

    $ beargit reset <commit_id> file.txt
ERROR:  Commit <commit_id> does not exist.

    If the commit does exist, but the named file is not in the index of that commit, the function should return 1 and produce the following error:

    $ beargit reset <commit_id> <filename>
ERROR:  <filename> is not in the index of commit <commit_id>.

    Step 8: The merge command

    Functionality:

    The merge command will let us bring in changes from another branch or commit into the current branch. Rather than try to resolve any conflicts between different versions of the same file, our merge will leave all conflict resolution to the user.

    The syntax is as follows:

    For each file in the index of the specified commit, check if the file is also tracked in the current index. If it is, copy the specified commit's version of the file to the working directory, with the additional file extension ".<commit_id>". Otherwise, copy the file directly to the working directory, with the same name, and add it to the index.

    Note that you do not have to handle the special case where the user tries to merge the 00.0 commit. We will not test the behavior for this case, so feel free to handle it as you wish.

    Output to stdout:

    If the argument refers to a valid commit or branch, for each file in the specified commit's index, if the file conflicts with an identically-named file in the current index, print out the message "<filename> conflicted copy created". If the file does not conflict with one in the current index, print out the message "<filename> added". The order in which the files are printed is not important. So the output might look like the following: 

    $ beargit merge <commit_id>
file1.txt added
file2 conflicted copy created
file3.txt conflicted copy created

    Output to stderr:

    If the argument does not refer to an existing commit or branch name, return 1 and produce the following error: 

    $ beargit merge 6666.66
ERROR:  No branch or commit 6666.66 exists.

    Step 9: Testing

    As the final part of this assignment, you will need to write 2 test suites that each focus on a different beargit command. Each of the two test suites must have a comment at the top describing what beargit command the suite is designed to test and the kinds of error conditions the test will catch. You will write these in cunittests.c. This file will be turned in and a reader will look over your test code to ensure that your tests are reasonable.

    We've also provided a linked list structure called commit inside of cunittests.c, which you may find helpful in programmatically keeping track of a sequence of commits in your test code. An example of its usage is found in simple_log_test.

    Although you are only required to turn in 2 tests, it is highly recommended that you write additional tests to ensure that your implementation works as expected.

    Running Tests

    In order to run tests, you should do the following:

    [assumes you are inside your proj1 directory]
$ make beargit-unittest
$ source init_test
$ beargit-unittest     


     CUnit - A unit testing framework for C - Version 2.1-3
     http://cunit.sourceforge.net/

rm: cannot remove '.beargit': No such file or directory <- You can ignore this

Suite: Suite_1
  Test: Simple Test #1 ...passed
Suite: Suite_2
  Test: Log output test ...passed

Run Summary:    Type  Total    Ran Passed Failed Inactive
              suites      2      2    n/a      0        0
               tests      2      2      2      0        0
             asserts      4      4      4      0      n/a

Elapsed time =    0.007 seconds

    Helpful Tips

    String manipulation tips and warnings

    For a large portion of this project you will be dealing with manipulating strings. You can use this section as a reference if you are running into trouble

    Concatenating two strings

    There are two functions you can use: strcat() and sprintf().

    strcat(char * dst, char *src)

    Note that strcat(".beargit/","test") is incorrect. ".beargit/" is a string literal which is of fixed size thus you cannot safely append test to the end of it. Instead you would want to do something of the sort: 

    char file[SIZE] = ".beargit/"; 
strcat(file, "test"); // Assuming size >= 14, file points to the string ".beargit/test"

    sprintf(char * dst, char * format_string, ...)

    This works exactly like printf() except that the resulting string is written into dst

    Be careful of string literals!

    char * str = "beargit/"; 
str[0] = 'a'; 
...

    You may be tempted to do something like this, however it will produce a runtime error. The reason is that str points to a string literal, and string literals are stored in a read-only section (why?). Thus if you want to be able to append to a string that you predefine in this way you must declare str as a char array. This case of declaration and initialization is one of the few cases where there is a difference between arrays and pointers.

    char str[] = "beargit/"; 
beargit[0] = 'a'; 
...

    In this case the string literal is still stored in read-only memory but the character array str is allocated on the stack and recieves a copy of each char value in the literal. Thus since str points to a character array on the stack it is modifiable.

    How can I remove newlines from strings when I'm reading in files

    The function strtok() is going to help you accomplish this. Since you will be reading in a few single-line files this can be used to remove the newline from the end of the string.

     char * str = "...\n";
strtok(str, "\n");

    All you need to know is this function is replacing the '\n' character with a NULL terminator thus effectively removing it from the end of your string. More information can be found in strtok() documentation if you are curious.

    Submission

    There are two steps required to submit proj1. Failure to perform both steps will result in loss of credit:

    1. First, you must submit using the standard unix submit program on the instructional servers. This assumes that you followed the earlier instructions and did all of your work inside of your git repository. To submit, follow these instructions after logging into your cs61c-XXX class account:

      $ cd proj1-XXX-YYY
$ submit proj1

      Once you type submit proj1, follow the prompts generated by the submission system. It will tell you when your submission has been successful and you can confirm this by looking at the output of glookup -t.


    2. Additionally, you must submit proj1 to your bitbucket repository. To do so, follow these instructions after logging into your cs61c-XXX class account:

      $ cd proj1-XXX-YYY
$ git add -u                                             # should add all modified files in proj1 directory (must include beargit.c)
$ git commit -m "Project 1 submission"
$ git tag -f "proj1-sub"                                 # The tag MUST be "proj1-sub". Failure to do so will result in loss of credit.
$ git push origin proj1 --tags                           # Note the "--tags" at the end. This pushes tags to github

    Resubmitting

    If you need to re-submit, you can follow the same set of steps that you would if you were submitting for the first time. The only exception to this is in the very last step, git push origin proj1 --tags, where you may get an error like the following:

    (20:23:10 Mon Sep 07 2015 cs61c-xx@hive12 Linux x86_64)
~/work $ git push origin proj1 --tags
Counting objects: 22, done.
Delta compression using up to 8 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (19/19), done.
Writing objects: 100% (21/21), 9.73 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 21 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0)
To git@github.com:cs61c-fall2015/cs61c-ta
   bf20433..d1ff9ed  proj1 -> proj1
 ! [rejected]        proj1-sub -> proj1-sub (already exists)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@github.com:cs61c-summer2015/cs61c-ta'
hint: Updates were rejected because the tag already exists in the remote.

    If this occurs, simply run the following instead of git push origin proj1 --tags:

    $ git push -f origin proj1 --tags

    Note that in general, force pushes should be used with caution. They will overwrite your remote repository with information from your local copy. As long as you have not damaged your local copy in any way, this will be fine.