Homework 3:
Due by 11:59pm on Thursday, September 26
Instructions
Download hw03.zip. Inside the archive, you will find a file called
hw03.py, along with a copy of the ok
autograder.
Submission: When you are done, submit with python3 ok
--submit
. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the
final submission will be scored. Check that you have successfully submitted
your code on okpy.org. See Lab 0 for more instructions on
submitting assignments.
Using Ok: If you have any questions about using Ok, please refer to this guide.
Readings: You might find the following references useful:
Grading: Homework is graded based on effort, not correctness. However, there is no partial credit; you must show substantial effort on every problem to receive any points. This homework is out of 2 points.
Required questions
Q1: Num Sevens
Write a recursive function num_sevens
that takes a positive integer n
and
returns the number of times the digit 7 appears in n
.
Use recursion - the tests will fail if you use any assignment statements.
def num_sevens(n):
"""Returns the number of times 7 appears as a digit of n.
>>> num_sevens(3)
0
>>> num_sevens(7)
1
>>> num_sevens(7777777)
7
>>> num_sevens(2637)
1
>>> num_sevens(76370)
2
>>> num_sevens(12345)
0
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban all assignment statements
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'num_sevens',
... ['Assign', 'AugAssign'])
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q num_sevens
Q2: Ping-pong
The ping-pong sequence counts up starting from 1 and is always either counting
up or counting down. At element k
, the direction switches if k
is a
multiple of 7 or contains the digit 7. The first 30 elements of the ping-pong
sequence are listed below, with direction swaps marked using brackets at the
7th, 14th, 17th, 21st, 27th, and 28th elements:
1 2 3 4 5 6 [7] 6 5 4 3 2 1 [0] 1 2 [3] 2 1 0 [-1] 0 1 2 3 4 [5] [4] 5 6
Implement a function pingpong
that returns the nth element of the ping-pong
sequence without using any assignment statements.
You may use the function num_sevens
, which you defined in the previous question.
Hint: If you're stuck, first try implementing
pingpong
using assignment statements and awhile
statement. Then, to convert this into a recursive solution, write a helper function that has a parameter for each variable that changes values in the body of the while loop.
def pingpong(n):
"""Return the nth element of the ping-pong sequence.
>>> pingpong(7)
7
>>> pingpong(8)
6
>>> pingpong(15)
1
>>> pingpong(21)
-1
>>> pingpong(22)
0
>>> pingpong(30)
6
>>> pingpong(68)
2
>>> pingpong(69)
1
>>> pingpong(70)
0
>>> pingpong(71)
1
>>> pingpong(72)
0
>>> pingpong(100)
2
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban assignment statements
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'pingpong', ['Assign', 'AugAssign'])
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q pingpong
Q3: Count change
Once the machines take over, the denomination of every coin will be a power of two: 1-cent, 2-cent, 4-cent, 8-cent, 16-cent, etc. There will be no limit to how much a coin can be worth.
Given a positive integer amount
, a set of coins makes change for amount
if
the sum of the values of the coins is amount
. For example, the following
sets make change for 7
:
- 7 1-cent coins
- 5 1-cent, 1 2-cent coins
- 3 1-cent, 2 2-cent coins
- 3 1-cent, 1 4-cent coins
- 1 1-cent, 3 2-cent coins
- 1 1-cent, 1 2-cent, 1 4-cent coins
Thus, there are 6 ways to make change for 7
. Write a recursive function
count_change
that takes a positive integer amount
and returns the number of
ways to make change for amount
using these coins of the future.
Hint: Refer the implementation of
count_partitions
for an example of how to count the ways to sum up to an amount with smaller parts. If you need to keep track of more than one value across recursive calls, consider writing a helper function.
def count_change(amount):
"""Return the number of ways to make change for amount.
>>> count_change(7)
6
>>> count_change(10)
14
>>> count_change(20)
60
>>> count_change(100)
9828
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban iteration
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'count_change', ['While', 'For'])
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q count_change
Optional List Question
Q4: Flatten
Write a function flatten
that takes a (possibly deep) list and "flattens" it.
For example:
>>> lst = [1, [[2], 3], 4, [5, 6]]
>>> flatten(lst)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
Make sure your solution does not mutate the input list.
Hint: you can check if something is a list by using the built-in
type
function. For example,
>>> type(3) == list
False
>>> type([1, 2, 3]) == list
True
def flatten(lst):
"""Returns a flattened version of lst.
>>> flatten([1, 2, 3]) # normal list
[1, 2, 3]
>>> x = [1, [2, 3], 4] # deep list
>>> flatten(x)
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> x # Ensure x is not mutated
[1, [2, 3], 4]
>>> x = [[1, [1, 1]], 1, [1, 1]] # deep list
>>> flatten(x)
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
>>> x
[[1, [1, 1]], 1, [1, 1]]
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q flatten
Just for Fun Questions
These questions are pretty much out of scope for 61A but they are fun extensions of the course material. Attempting them out might solidify your understanding!
Q5: Towers of Hanoi
A classic puzzle called the Towers of Hanoi is a game that consists of three
rods, and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto any rod.
The puzzle starts with n
disks in a neat stack in ascending order of size on
a start
rod, the smallest at the top, forming a conical shape.
The objective of the puzzle is to move the entire stack to an end
rod,
obeying the following rules:
- Only one disk may be moved at a time.
- Each move consists of taking the top (smallest) disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod, on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod.
- No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk.
Complete the definition of move_stack
, which prints out the steps required to
move n
disks from the start
rod to the end
rod without violating the
rules. The provided print_move
function will print out the step to move a
single disk from the given origin
to the given destination
.
Hint: Draw out a few games with various
n
on a piece of paper and try to find a pattern of disk movements that applies to anyn
. In your solution, take the recursive leap of faith whenever you need to move any amount of disks less thann
from one rod to another. If you need more help, see the following hints.
print
effectively "collects" all the results in the terminal as long as you make sure that the moves are printed in order.
def print_move(origin, destination):
"""Print instructions to move a disk."""
print("Move the top disk from rod", origin, "to rod", destination)
def move_stack(n, start, end):
"""Print the moves required to move n disks on the start pole to the end
pole without violating the rules of Towers of Hanoi.
n -- number of disks
start -- a pole position, either 1, 2, or 3
end -- a pole position, either 1, 2, or 3
There are exactly three poles, and start and end must be different. Assume
that the start pole has at least n disks of increasing size, and the end
pole is either empty or has a top disk larger than the top n start disks.
>>> move_stack(1, 1, 3)
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 3
>>> move_stack(2, 1, 3)
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 2
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 3
Move the top disk from rod 2 to rod 3
>>> move_stack(3, 1, 3)
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 3
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 2
Move the top disk from rod 3 to rod 2
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 3
Move the top disk from rod 2 to rod 1
Move the top disk from rod 2 to rod 3
Move the top disk from rod 1 to rod 3
"""
assert 1 <= start <= 3 and 1 <= end <= 3 and start != end, "Bad start/end"
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q move_stack
Q6: Anonymous factorial
The recursive factorial function can be written as a single expression by using a conditional expression.
>>> fact = lambda n: 1 if n == 1 else mul(n, fact(sub(n, 1)))
>>> fact(5)
120
However, this implementation relies on the fact (no pun intended) that
fact
has a name, to which we refer in the body of fact
. To write a
recursive function, we have always given it a name using a def
or
assignment statement so that we can refer to the function within its
own body. In this question, your job is to define fact recursively
without giving it a name!
Write an expression that computes n
factorial using only call
expressions, conditional expressions, and lambda expressions (no
assignment or def statements). Note in particular that you are not
allowed to use make_anonymous_factorial
in your return expression.
The sub
and mul
functions from the operator
module are the only
built-in functions required to solve this problem:
from operator import sub, mul
def make_anonymous_factorial():
"""Return the value of an expression that computes factorial.
>>> make_anonymous_factorial()(5)
120
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban any assignments or recursion
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'make_anonymous_factorial', ['Assign', 'AugAssign', 'FunctionDef', 'Recursion'])
True
"""
return 'YOUR_EXPRESSION_HERE'
Use Ok to test your code:
python3 ok -q make_anonymous_factorial