Due by 11:59pm on Wednesday, 11/12
Submission: See Lab 1 for submission instructions. We have provided a hw8.scm starter file for the questions below.
Readings: You might find the following references useful:
To complete this homework assignment on your own computer, you will either need to install Scheme or use our online Scheme interpreter.
You can load the starter file in STK using the command
stk -load hw8.scm
Scheme does not have a built-in testing framework. To verify behavior, we will
use the following assert-equal
procedure, which tests whether an expression
evaluates to an expected value
.
(define (assert-equal value expression)
(if (equal? value (eval expression))
(print 'ok)
(print (list 'for expression ':
'expected value
'but 'got (eval expression)))))
When you evaluate your solution, a long sequence of ok
should be displayed.
Any test failures will describe the error instead.
Write the function deep-map
, which takes a function fn
and a list s
that
may contain numbers or other lists. It returns a list with identical structure
to s
, but replacing each non-list element by the result of applying fn
on
it, even for elements within sub-lists.
(define (deep-map fn s)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (square x) (* x x))
(define (double x) (* 2 x))
(define (test-deep-map)
(assert-equal '(4 9) '(deep-map square '(2 3)))
(assert-equal '(4 (6 8)) '(deep-map double '(2 (3 4))))
(assert-equal '(1 4 (9 16 (25 36) ((49)) 64) (81 100))
'(deep-map square
'(1 2 (3 4 (5 6) ((7)) 8) (9 10)))))
(test-deep-map)
Hint: You can use the predicate list? to check if a value is a list.
Write a procedure substitute
that takes three arguments: a list s
, an old
word, and a new
word. It returns a list with the elements of s
, but with
every occurrence of old
replaced by new
, even within sub-lists.
(define (substitute-list s olds news)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (test-substitute-list)
(assert-equal '((four calling birds) (three french hens) (two turtle doves))
'(substitute-list
'((4 calling birds) (3 french hens) (2 turtle doves))
'(1 2 3 4)
'(one two three four))))
(test-substitute-list)
Write substitute-list
, that takes a list s
, a list of old words, and a list
of new words; the last two lists must be the same length. It returns a list
with the elements of s
, but with each word that occurs in the second argument
replaced by the corresponding word of the third argument.
The following problems develop a system for
symbolic differentiation
of algebraic expressions. The derive
Scheme procedure takes an
algebraic expression and a variable and returns the derivative of the
expression with respect to the variable. Symbolic differentiation is of
special historical significance in Lisp. It was one of the motivating
examples behind the development of the language. Differentiating is a
recursive process that applies different rules to different kinds of
expressions:
; Derive returns the derivative of exp with respect to var.
(define (derive expr var)
(cond ((number? expr) 0)
((variable? expr) (if (same-variable? expr var) 1 0))
((sum? expr) (derive-sum expr var))
((product? expr) (derive-product expr var))
((exp? expr) (derive-exp expr var))
(else 'Error)))
To implement the system, we will use the following data abstraction. Sums and products are lists, and they are simplified on construction:
; Variables are represented as symbols
(define (variable? x) (symbol? x))
(define (same-variable? v1 v2)
(and (variable? v1) (variable? v2) (eq? v1 v2)))
; Numbers are compared with =
(define (=number? expr num)
(and (number? expr) (= expr num)))
; Sums are represented as lists that start with +.
(define (make-sum a1 a2)
(cond ((=number? a1 0) a2)
((=number? a2 0) a1)
((and (number? a1) (number? a2)) (+ a1 a2))
(else (list '+ a1 a2))))
(define (sum? x)
(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) '+)))
(define (addend s) (cadr s))
(define (augend s) (caddr s))
; Products are represented as lists that start with *.
(define (make-product m1 m2)
(cond ((or (=number? m1 0) (=number? m2 0)) 0)
((=number? m1 1) m2)
((=number? m2 1) m1)
((and (number? m1) (number? m2)) (* m1 m2))
(else (list '* m1 m2))))
(define (product? x)
(and (pair? x) (eq? (car x) '*)))
(define (multiplier p) (cadr p))
(define (multiplicand p) (caddr p))
(define (test-sum)
(assert-equal '(+ a x) '(make-sum 'a 'x))
(assert-equal '(+ a (+ x 1)) '(make-sum 'a (make-sum 'x 1)))
(assert-equal 'x '(make-sum 'x 0))
(assert-equal 'x '(make-sum 0 'x))
(assert-equal 4 '(make-sum 1 3)))
(define (test-product)
(assert-equal '(* a x) '(make-product 'a 'x))
(assert-equal 0 '(make-product 'x 0))
(assert-equal 'x '(make-product 1 'x))
(assert-equal 6 '(make-product 2 3)))
(test-sum)
(test-product)
Implement derive-sum
, a procedure that differentiates a sum by
summing the derivatives of the addend
and augend
. Use the abstract
data type for a sum:
(define (derive-sum expr var)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (test-derive-sum)
(assert-equal 1 '(derive '(+ x 3) 'x)))
(test-derive-sum)
Implement derive-product
, which applies the product
rule to differentiate
products:
(define (derive-product expr var)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (test-derive-product)
(assert-equal 'y '(derive '(* x y) 'x))
(assert-equal '(+ (* x y) (* y (+ x 3)))
'(derive '(* (* x y) (+ x 3)) 'x)))
(test-derive-product)
Implement an abstract data type for exponentiation: a base
raised to the
power of an exponent
. The base
can be any expression, but assume that the
exponent
is a non-negative integer. You can simplify the cases when
exponent
is 0
or 1
, or when base
is a number, by returning numbers from
the constructor make-exp
. In other cases, you can represent the exp as a
triple (^ base exponent)
.
Hint: The built-in procedure expt
takes two number arguments and raises
the first to the power of the second.
; Exponentiations are represented as lists that start with ^.
(define (make-exp base exponent)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (base exp)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (exponent exp)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (exp? exp)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define x^2 (make-exp 'x 2))
(define x^3 (make-exp 'x 3))
(define (test-exp)
(assert-equal 'x '(make-exp 'x 1))
(assert-equal 1 '(make-exp 'x 0))
(assert-equal 16 '(make-exp 2 4))
(assert-equal '(^ x 2) 'x^2)
(assert-equal 'x '(base x^2))
(assert-equal 2 '(exponent x^2))
(assert-equal true '(exp? x^2))
(assert-equal false '(exp? 1))
(assert-equal false '(exp? 'x))
)
(test-exp)
Implement derive-exp
, which uses the power
rule to derive
exps:
(define (derive-exp exp var)
'YOUR-CODE-HERE )
(define (test-derive-exp)
(assert-equal '(* 2 x) '(derive x^2 'x))
(assert-equal '(* 3 (^ x 2)) '(derive x^3 'x))
(assert-equal '(+ (* 3 (^ x 2)) (* 2 x)) '(derive (make-sum x^3 x^2) 'x))
)
(test-derive-exp)