Test Equipment
Building buggy hardware is easy, so you need some way to debug it. Hwdebugger is a fantastic tool for debugging your xilinx hardware, but it has its limits.
This lab will familiarize you with more hardware debugging tools. Each station in 204B has a triple-output bench power supply, a digital multimeter, a pulse generator, and a 100 MHz mixed signal oscilloscope. You will use each of these in this lab.
Test equipment can be complex. The oscilloscope has more than forty knobs and switches. Unfortunately, missetting these can make the equipment appear broken.
If you suspect faulty equipment, verify it with your TA!
When you leave the lab, please tidy up around your station.
As usual, read through this lab. Most of this handout describes things to know, not things to do. And these should be easy if you know how to do them.
Each station has an HP E3630A triple-output power supply, whose three outputs can generate 0-6V, 0-20V, and -20-0V, marked +6, +20 and -20 respectively. There is also a ground connection labeled COM.
The HP's outputs are current-limited for safety: they will supply some maximum amount of current, and will drop the output voltage to ensure it. In particular, if you short the outputs, instead of blowing fuses or becoming arc welders, these supplies peacefully supply the maximum current.
The HP's three knobs set the voltage on the +6 output, the voltage on the +20 output, and the ratio between the +20 and -20 outputs. Turn clockwise (to FIXED) until clicks to set ratio to 1.
The HP's analog meter can display the voltage of each output, selected with the three buttons labeled +6, +18, and -18. This is useful for setting the voltages approximately, but it is not as accurate as measuring the output voltage with a digital multimeter.
Each station also has a Fluke 8010A digital multimeter, which can measure AC or DC voltage, current, resistance, or conductivity.
Press button marked V and select range with one of the grey buttons. Connect the COMMON input (a black lead) to the circuit's ground, and connect the V/k/S input (a red lead) to the voltage to measure.
Press button marked mA. Connect the COMMON input and either the mA or the 10A max input in series with the wire whose current you wish to measure. This requires disconnecting the wire, often after the circuit is powered down.
Press button marked k/S. With the circuit power off, connect the COMMON (black) and V/k/S (red) leads across the resistive element. To do this accurately, the element usually has to be removed from the circuit, although simple continuity checking (determining if a wire is connected) can be done in-circuit.
The pulse generator can generate single or periodic square waveforms with varying voltages, periods, duty cycles, pulse widths, and slew rates. These can be used, for example, as a digital system's clock.
The output of the pulse generator has a output impedance, and expects to be driving a load. Thus, with high-impedance inputs such as those on digital logic or a scope, the voltage you observe will be twice as large as what you set.
To produce a square wave,
Make sure the DISABLE button (in the lower right corner) is off (unlit).
Set MODE to NORM by pressing the button beneath it. (second to left)
Set CTRL to disabled (nothing lit). (fourth to left)
Press the button underneath PER until the PER lights, and set the period using the vernier buttons.
Press the button underneath DTY until the DTY lights, and set the duty cycle using the vernier buttons.
Or, set the pulse width () by pressing the same button until WID lights. Adjust using the vernier buttons.
Press the button under HIL and set the high voltage using the vernier buttons.
Press the button under LOL and set the low voltage using the vernier buttons.
Oscilloscopes can display very high-speed periodic events. Think of them as things that graph voltage versus time.
Figure 1 shows an oscilloscope's major component: the cathode ray tube (CRT), similar to that in a television. A large voltage (our scope uses 14,000 V) is placed across anode and cathode, causing electrons to fly from the negatively-charged cathode, through a vacuum, and smash into the positively-charged anode, illuminating a spot on its phosphorus coating. This bright spot disappears quickly, so for an image to appear stable, it must be redrawn many times a second.
Figure 1: An Oscilloscope's Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
To display a repeating waveform, the oscilloscope periodically ''sweeps'' the beam from left to right, vertically deflecting the beam proportional to the input voltage. The result is a graph with time increasing to the right, voltage increasing up: like a timing diagram.
Starting the sweep at the right time is necessary for a stable image. Figure 2a shows the effect of choosing the wrong times: many segments of the waveform are superimposed, resulting in an unreadable mess. If these times are chosen correctly, i.e., at some exact multiple of the period of the waveform, the traces superimpose to give a single, stable waveform, as shown in Figure 2b.
Figure 2: (a) Incorrect triggering. (b) Correct triggering.
Most oscilloscopes allow the user to set a voltage and a slope (rising or falling) for the trigger. For example, in Figure 2b, the trigger is the voltage halfway between the two extremes, with a falling slope. For simple waveforms, this by itself works well. For more complex waveforms, the variable holdoff control can help, which sets the time between the end of a sweep and when the scope starts looking for the trigger.
Not everything interesting is periodic; fortunately some oscilloscopes can record a single event and display it indefinitely. Once, such storage scopes used a clever electrical trick to keep the phosphors illuminated, but the advent of cheap, fast digital logic and memory made these obsolete.
DSOs, or digital storage oscilloscopes, digitize their inputs, store them in memory, and recall them through a digital-to-analog converter.
Using a storage scope is much like using a non-storage scope: set the trigger to catch what you want and view the results. Instead of displaying the waveform for each trigger, however, a storage scope can await a single trigger, capture the waveform, and display it until you store another.
Although four-channel scopes exist, most digital circuits have far more than four interesting signals, and the ``interesting'' things on those signals are too complex for an oscilloscope's simple trigger to find. Logic analyzers address these problems.
Logic analyzers are like many-channeled storage oscilloscopes with very sophisticated schemes for triggering. Some logic analyzers have hundreds of channels, and the triggers can be little programs consisting of comparisons, loops, and branches. Logic analyzers capture and store digital waveforms only (i.e., usually only two voltage levels), and are typically not as fast as oscilloscopes. But for finding subtle, aperiodic bugs in digital hardware, they are unmatched.
The HP 54645D is both a Digital Storage Oscilloscpe and a simple Logic Analyzer
Figure 3: Groups of controls on
the 54645D
The 54645D has some forty knobs, buttons, and switches. Even for this lab, you need to know most of them. Fortunately, using one oscilloscope is like using another, so learning one is worth your time.
Here is a list of controls that concern you for this lab, grouped as in Figure 3:
The functions for these keys are displayed on the screen of each particular mode of operation
Brightness control adjusts the intensity of the display.
Calibration Output
IF SIGNAL DISAPPEARS, TRY HITTING AUTOSCALE
SETUP
Make sure mode is set to normal with vectors on.
A1, A2, and +-
+- allows you to do sums and differences of signals.
Main Delayed
Horizontal mode should be set at normal with softkeys, the TIME REF softkey controls what reference to use when zooming in with TIME/DIV knob. VERNIER is used to minimize time steps in TIME/DIV knob.
TIME/DIV
Label/Threshold
D0-D15
Analog level & Holdoff
ERASE
Select a channel as the trigger source using either the SELECT knob or by pressing a Trigger Source softkey.
Press one of the Edge softkeys to choose whether the trigger will occur on the rising or falling edge.
Rotate the SELECT knob through each signal (D0-D15) and (A1 or A2), which is displayed above the Source softkey.
Then, press one of the softkeys to set the condition the oscilloscope will recognize as part of the pattern for that channel:
H for logic high
X to ignore this channel
Rising or falling edge
Use banana leads to connect the output of the power supply to the input of the multimeter. Use black for common, red for power.
Adjust the supply to simultaneously generate V, V, and V, and measure this with the multimeter. Show your TA this.
Connect the output of the HP 8112A Pulse Generator to Channel 1 of the scope using a coaxial cable with BNC ends.
Set the pulse generator to generate a 10 kHz, 45% duty cycle, 4 volt peak-to-peak, zero volt offset (i.e., peaks at V) square wave.
Display this square wave using the STORE mode of the scope. In the STORE mode, use the cursors to verify the pulse width, frequency, and voltages. Show your TA this.
Set the pulse generator to generate a 10 MHz, 0-5V square wave with a 40 ns pulse width.
Again, store the display, and verify the pulse width, frequency and voltages. Show your TA this.
We have entered and compiled the circuit in Figure 4, a four-bit counter driving the addresses of three sixteen-bit ROMs. Your task will be to use both channels of the oscilloscope to observe the outputs of ROM2 and ROM3 and deduce their contents, using the contents of ROM1 as a starting point.
The counter counts 0000, 0001, ..., 1111, and repeats.. Address 0000 reads the least significant bit of the four-digit hex number in the ROM, address 1111 the most. So if one of the ROMs contained a zero in address 0000 and ones in addresses 0001 through 1111, the ROM contents would be FFFE. See the ROM16X1 page in your reader for more information.
Fire up Hwdebugr and load the ROM circuit- U:/WVLIB/CS150/ROM.BIT. Open the Control Panel from the View menu and start the clock. If all goes well, the fourth LED will light (the output of ROM1).
Connect the BNC ends of the scope probes to the scope's Channel 1 and Channel 2 inputs. These are probes, so the volts/div reading on the scope's display will be a tenth of the circuit's voltages.
Carefully connect each probe's ''hook'' to one of the wire-wrap pins connected to a Xilinx pin connected to a ROM's output. Be careful not to short together two pins, and don't let the probe bend the pin. Connect Channel 1 of the oscilloscope to the output of ROM1, whose contents you know (Figure 4), and connect Channel 2 to the output of one of the others.
Connect both probes' alligator clips to a ground reference in the prototyping area of the board.
Set the oscilloscope to trigger on Channel 1 (the output of ROM1), and display both channels.
Turn on the vernier mode on the oscilloscope (MAIN/DELAYED), and then adjust the TIME/DIV knob so that there is exactly two bits per division-adjust it so eight divisions occur between rising edges in the output of ROM1.
Read off the bits from each ROM, moving the Channel 2 probe between pins to view the contents of the two ROMs, and translate each into a four-digit hex number. Record these on the checkoff sheet and show your TA.
We have entered and compiled the circuit in Figure 5, a eight-bit ripple adder summing the output of a four-bit counter and four switches. Your task will be to measure the worst-case delay of the circuit.
The worst-case delay occurs when a carry must ripple through each stage, such as when 1111 and 0001 are added. To find this, set the switches to 0001, and set the logic analyzer (Probes on DIGITAL section) to trigger when the counter hits 1111.
Fire up Hwdebugr and load the adder- U:/WVLIB/CS150/ADD.BIT.
Since the outputs all go to LEDs, this circuit is an excellent one to single-step with the clock. From the Readback Control Panel, set the clock steps to 1 and use APPLY to step the counter. The adder will still work even when the clock is stopped. Remember that the LEDs light when their output is low.
Connect the logic analyzer's pod's black ground lead to a ground reference (e.g., one of the ground pins on the Xilinx), and connect seven of the eight inputs to the four counter outputs and three adder outputs.
Be careful when connecting the probe leads. They are delicate and expensive, even more so than the wire-wrap posts.
Set the switches so 00000001 is one of the addends. (See Figure. 5 to determine which switch should be least significant)
Set the trigger on the logic analyzer to when the counter reaches 1111.
Measure the delay from when the counter output changes to when the final carry-out changes, and record this on the checkoff sheet. Show your TA this.
Names:
__________________
Power Supply and Multimeter
Pulse Generator and Oscilloscope
ROMs
Logic Analyzer Delay:
Done Early (During Lab):